Editorial Board vii
Contributors ix
Preface xxiii
Myron Yanoff
Section I - Optometry
Optimizing Visual Performance for Sport
Graham B. Erickson
Introduction 1
Assessment options 2
Refractive options 5
Myopia 5
Astigmatism 5
Hyperopia 5
Anisometropia 6
Filter options 8
Neutral gray 8
Yellow-brown range 8
Green range 9
Red range 9
Blue range 9
Polarized filters 9
Nutrition options 10
Visual effects 10
Neural effects 10
Athlete recommendations 11
Sports vision training 11
Component skill training 12
Naturalistic and virtual reality training 13
Traumatic brain injury in sport 16
Summary 16
Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications in Vision and Eye Care
Louis J. Catania and Ernst Nicolitz
Prologue 21
Introduction 22
What is artificial intelligence? 23
Comparing artificial intelligence neural networking (“machine learning”) with the human brain 25
Visual system as an artificial intelligence neural network 27
A practical, lighthearted illustration of artificial intelligence and an expert system (or “how a great steak and artificial intelligence can save you money”) 28
Applications of artificial intelligence and robotics in vision and eye care 29
Vision, refractive care, and blindness prevention 29
Cornea and ocular surface 30
Anterior segment 31
Retina 31
Glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmic disorders 32
Immunotherapy, genetics, and stem cell therapies 32
Robotic interfacing 33
Practical suggestions and planning for artificial intelligence and robotics in clinical environments 33
Summary 35
Vision Therapy and Virtual Reality Applications
Dan L. Fortenbacher, Alyssa Bartolini, Brian Dornbos, and Tuan Tran
Introduction 39
The evolution of vision therapy for binocular dysfunction 40
The efficacy of vision therapy 41
The role of vision therapy in binocular vision dysfunction 41
Importance of office-based vision therapy with home-based support activities 46
Problems with home-based models: boredom and poor compliance 48
Virtual reality in vision therapy: past, present, and future 50
History of virtual reality 50
Current applications of virtual reality in vision therapy 51
How virtual reality works 52
Virtual reality in vision therapy used in vision rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury or mild traumatic brain injury 54
Future of virtual reality in vision therapy 55
Summary 55
Section II - Pediatric
Prediction Models for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Lisa Lin and Gil Binenbaum
Introduction 61
Insulin-like growth factor-1, growth, and retinopathy of prematurity 62
Prognostic model development and complexity 63
Postnatal growth-based retinopathy of prematurity models 64
Weight, insulin-like growth factor-1, neonatal retinopathy model 65
ROPScore 66
Premature Infants in Need of Transfusion retinopathy of prematurity and CHOP ROP 66
Colorado Retinopathy of Prematurity model 66
Sample size: an important limitation 67
Generalizability: a second important limitation 67
Other approaches to screening for retinopathy of prematurity 68
Benefits and future studies 69
Collagen Cross-Linking in Children
Katie M. Keck and Erin Stahl
Introduction 75
Significance 76
Corneal collagen cross-linking technique and procedure 76
Review of published studies 77
Studies reporting 1-year outcomes after collagen cross-linking 77
Studies reporting long-term outcomes after collagen cross-linking (<1 year) 80
Current relevance 82
Management of ocular comorbidities 82
Future directions 83
Timing of treatment 83
Efficacy of transepithelial and accelerated collagen cross-linking 83
Summary 84
Automated Vision Screening
Ahmed M. Kassem
Introduction 87
Statistics of vision screening 88
Guidelines and recommendations 88
Automated vision screening devices 88
Off-axis photoscreeners 90
The MTI vision screener 90
iScreen 3000 90
Autorefractors 91
Retinomax 91
SureSight 91
SPOT vision screener 92
Plusoptix 93
2 WIN 93
Smartphone-based vision screeners 94
GoCheck Kids 94
Svone 94
Retinal birefringence testing 94
Pediatric Vision Scanner 94
Visual evoked potential testing 95
Enfant II 95
Relevance and future avenues 95
Summary 97
Section III - Ophthalmic Pathology & Ocular Oncology
Localized Toxicity from Intraocular Chemotherapy in Retinoblastoma
Ramsudha Narala, Kaitlin Kogachi, and Jesse L. Berry
Introduction 102
Significance 102
Intravitreal melphalan 103
Intravitreal topotecan 105
Present relevance and future avenues 108
Dosing of chemotherapeutic drugs 108
Risk factors for intravitreal melphalan-associated retinal toxicity 109
Summary 111
Topical Chemotherapy and the Evolving Role of the Biopsy for Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Christine Greer, Ashley Polski, and Jesse L. Berry
Introduction 116
Surgical biopsy and the management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia 116
Advantages of conjunctival biopsy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia 118
Disadvantages of conjunctival biopsy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia 119
Is biopsy necessary? 120
Nonsurgical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia 121
Nonsurgical treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia 123
Mitomycin-C 124
5-Flurouracil 126
Interferon α2b 129
Summary 133
Evidence for Dose De-escalation in Brachytherapy for Choroidal Melanoma
Bao han A. Le, Rima Patel, Richard Jennelle, and Jesse L. Berry
Introduction 140
Discussion 141
Different methods of dose reduction 143
Prescription dose reduction is associated with good local tumor control and visual outcomes 145
Prospective trials of dose de-escalation in other forms of radiotherapy for uveal melanoma 146
Clinical significance and future directions 148
Clinical significance of dose reduction 148
Need for prospective clinical trials 148
Summary 149
Section IV - Vitreoretinal Disease
Recent Innovations in Drug Delivery for Retinal Diseases
Peter Belin, Ashley Khalili, Robin Ginsburg, and Ronni M. Lieberman
Introduction 155
Pharmacology of the eye 156
Topical 157
Periocular 158
Suprachoroidal 159
Subretinal 160
Intravitreal 160
Treatment options by route of delivery 160
Topical 160
Periocular 162
Intravitreal injections 162
Intravitreal implants 162
Reservoir devices 172
Encapsulated cell technology 174
Iontophoresis 174
Electroporation 175
Sonophoresis 176
Microneedles 176
Self-deploying devices 177
Summary 178
Advances in Retinal Imaging
Jonathan P. Greenberg, Lucy Sun, and Ronni M. Lieberman
Introduction 185
Adaptive optics 186
Quantitative fundus autofluorescence 188
Wide-field imaging 189
Swept source optical coherence tomography 191
En face optical coherence tomography 192
Optical coherence tomography angiography 194
Intraoperative optical coherence tomography 196
Handheld optical coherence tomography 196
Microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography 197
Portable retinal imaging 199
Summary 200
Geographic Atrophy: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Potential Treatsment Modalities
Ahmed Bilal Sheikh, Andrew Lee, Adnan Mallick, and Ronni M. Lieberman
Introduction 205
Modulators of inflammation and the complement cascade 206
Neuroprotective agents 207
Vasodilators 210
Laser therapy 211
Stem cell therapy 212
Implantable miniature telescope 213
Summary 213
Section V - Glaucoma
Excimer Laser Trabeculostomy, Laser-Based Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery
Michael S. Berlin, Gaithrri Shanmuganathan, and Maayan Agam
Video content accompanies this article at http://www.advancesinophthalmology.com.
Excimer laser trabeculostomy 218
Introduction 218
Significance 219
Present relevance and future avenues 221
Summary 225
Needle Revision of Filtration Blebs
Alfred M. Solish
Video content accompanies this article at www.advancesinophthalmology.com.
Introduction 229
Needling for failed or failing filtration surgery 230
Needling for bleb leaks 232
Needling for problems with bleb size or shape 232
Needling and glaucoma implants 235
Needle revision techniques 236
Venue 236
Antimetabolites 237
Complications of needle revision 238
Glaucoma Refractory to Maximum Medical Therapy
Jeffrey Freedman
Introduction 243
Management of glaucoma refractory to medical treatment 244
What to use and why 244
Sequential use of glaucoma procedures used in glaucoma refractory to medical therapy 247
Laser procedures 247
Surgical procedures 248
Bleb fibrosis 249
Tube shunts 251
Cyclodestructive procedures 254
Discussion 255
Summary 257
Section VI - Neuro-ophthalmology
Cranial Nerve Palsies: What’s New?
Anita A. Kohli, John Woo, and Madhura A. Tamhankar
Introduction 261
Significance 262
Anatomy 262
Cranial nerve palsies 263
Present relevance, future avenues, and conclusions 269
Evaluation of patients with ocular motor palsies 269
Treatment 274
Section VII - Cornea and External Diseases
Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction
Majid Moshirfar, Orry C. Birdsong, Yasmyne Ronquillo, and Joshua Tanner
Video content accompanies this article at http://www.advancesinophthalmology.com.
Introduction 280
Significance 280
Applicability of small-incision lenticule extraction 283
Refractive outcomes 283
Efficacy 283
Predictability 286
Safety 286
Postoperative inflammation 289
Higher-order aberrations 290
Corneal nerve integrity 290
Corneal biomechanical strength 290
Relevance/future avenues 292
Postoperative enhancement 292
Other benefits and/or limitations 292
Complications 293
Future possibilities 294
Summary 296
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Keratoplasty
Ijeoma Asota and Marjan Farid
Introduction 303
Significance 305
The femtosecond laser technology 305
Laser trephination configurations 305
The procedure 308
Femtosecond laser-assisted penetrating keratoplasty 309
Femtosecond laser-assisted lamellar keratoplasty 309
Femtosecond laser-assisted endothelial keratoplasty 310
Future directions 310
Summary 311
Section VIII - Oculoplastics
Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation
Robi N. Maamari and Steven M. Couch
Introduction 315
Historical description and terminology 316
Significance 316
Pathogenesis 317
Pathology 317
Clinical subtypes 319
Diagnostic evaluation 323
Treatment 326
Current clinical relevance and future advances 331
Summary 332
A Logical Approach to Bony Orbital Decompression Surgery for Thyroid Eye Disease
Shirin Hamed Azzam, David Verity, and Geoffrey Rose
Introduction 337
History 338
Practical and anatomic considerations 339
A logical approach to orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease 340
Fulminant active thyroid eye disease 340
Inactive thyroid eye disease 346
Orbital congestion: hydraulic disease 349
Further aspects 350
Extraocular muscles may enlarge after orbital decompression 350
The choice of decompression 350
Fat orbital decompression 351
Discussion 351
Summary 353
Facial Paralysis: Diagnosis and Management
Natalie Homer and Aaron Fay
Introduction 357
Content 358
Facial nerve anatomy 358
Etiology and presentation 358
History 361
Physical examination 362
Facial nerve grading scales 363
Periocular zones 363
Ancillary testing 367
Long-term sequelae 367
Treatment 368
Acute phase 368
Intermediate phase 369
Chronic phase 369
Summary 371
Section IX - Uveitis
Autoimmune Retinopathy: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management
Saghar Bagheri and Lucia Sobrin
Introduction 375
Significance 377
Diagnostic criteria 378
Antiretinal antibodies 379
Excluding other diseases and the role of genetic testing 379
Work-up for malignancy 380
Treatment approaches 380
Monitoring treatment response and disease progression 381
Present relevance and future avenues to consider or to investigate 381
Avoiding delayed diagnosis of autoimmune retinopathy 381
Toward nuanced, accurate interpretation of antiretinal antibody test results 381
Unraveling which antiretinal antibodies are pathogenic 382
Going beyond antiretinal antibodies for the diagnosis of autoimmune retinopathy 382
Toward more effective treatments of autoimmune retinopathy 382
Role of adaptive optics imaging in autoimmune retinopathy 383
Monitoring disease response 383
Summary 383
Autoimmune retinopathy: a diagnostic challenge 383
Novel methods to characterize antiretinal antibodies 384
Autoimmune retinopathy: a treatment challenge 384
Treatment monitoring and duration 385
Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Uveitis
Alejandra M. Maiz and Pooja Bhat
Introduction 389
The polymerase chain reaction 390
A brief history 390
What is required for the reaction and how it is performed 390
Evolution of polymerase chain reaction 391
Current uses for polymerase chain reaction in uveitis 391
Infectious causes of uveitis detectable via polymerase chain reaction 391
Noninfectious causes of uveitis detectable via polymerase chain reaction 397
Sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction 399
Advantages and limitations of polymerase chain reaction in comparison with other diagnostic methods 399
Future of polymerase chain reaction in uveitis 401
Summary 401
Section X - Cataracts
Intraocular Antibiotics as Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis in Routine Cataract Surgery: Current Practices and Controversies
Kelly Williamson
Introduction 407
Antibiotic selection 409
Cefuroxime 409
Moxifloxacin 410
Vancomycin 410
Transzonular and intravitreal injection 412
Comparisons, concerns, and current practices 414
Summary and future directions 417
