Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 3, ISSUE 1, P407-421, August 2018

Download started.

Ok

Intraocular Antibiotics as Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis in Routine Cataract Surgery

Current Practices and Controversies
      Infectious endophthalmitis is one of the most devastating complications after cataract surgery. Intraocular antibiotics have grown in popularity in recent years as a way of further reducing the incidence of endophthalmitis and also of reducing the need for postoperative drops; antibiotics have been delivered as intracameral, transzonular, and intravitreal injections.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

      1. National Eye Institute. Cataracts. In: Statistics and data. 2010. Available at: https://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/cataract/tables. Accessed April 10, 2018.

      2. Lombardi L. Infection prophylaxis. In: American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki. 2014. Available at: http://eyewiki.aao.org/Infection_Prophylaxis#cite_note-pov-iodine-2. Accessed April 10, 2018.

        • Barry P.
        • Seal D.V.
        • Gettinby G.
        • et al.
        • for the ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study Group
        ESCRS study of prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: preliminary report of principal results from a European multicenter study.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006; 32: 407-410
        • ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study Group
        Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicenter study and identification of risk factors.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007; 33: 978-988
        • Chang D.F.
        • Braga-Mele R.
        • Henderson B.A.
        • et al.
        • for the ACRS Cataract Clinical Committee
        Antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: results of the 2014 ASCRS member survey.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015; 41: 1300-1305
        • Lindstrom R.L.
        • Galloway M.S.
        • Grzybowski A.
        • et al.
        Dropless cataract surgery: an overview.
        Curr Pharm Des. 2017; 23: 558-564
        • Ehmann D.S.
        • Adam M.K.
        • Kasi S.K.
        • et al.
        Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis and nonhemorrhagic vasculitis after uncomplicated cataract surgery with intracameral vancomycin.
        Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017; 11: S155-S158
        • Brodgen R.N.
        • Heel R.C.
        • Speight T.M.
        • et al.
        Cefuroxime: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use.
        Drugs. 1979; 17: 233-266
        • Montan P.G.
        • Wejde G.
        • Koranyl G.
        • et al.
        Prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime: efficacy in preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002; 28: 977-981
      3. Barry P. Endophthalmitis: recommendations based on the ESCRS study. In: Cataract & refractive surgery today’s up front. 2007. Available at: https://crstoday.com/articles/2007-apr/crst0407_07-php/. Accessed April 10, 2018.

        • Shorstein N.H.
        • Winthrop K.L.
        • Herrinton L.J.
        Decreased postoperative endophthalmitis rate after institution of intracameral antibiotics in a Northern California eye department.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013; 39: 8-14
        • Daien V.
        • Papinaud L.
        • Gillies M.C.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness and safety of an intracameral injection of cefuroxime for the prevention of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery with or without perioperative capsular rupture.
        JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016; 134: 810-816
        • Ng A.L.
        • Tang W.W.
        • Li P.S.
        • et al.
        Intracameral cefuroxime in the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis: an experience from Hong Kong.
        Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016; 254: 1987-1992
        • Barreau G.
        • Mounier M.
        • Marin B.
        • et al.
        Intracameral cefuroxime injection at the end of cataract surgery to reduce the incidence of endophthalmitis: French study.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012; 38: 1370-1375
        • Rodriguez-Caravaca G.
        • Garcia-Saenz M.C.
        • Villar-DelCampo M.C.
        • et al.
        Incidence of endophthalmitis and impact of prophylaxis with cefuroxime on cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013; 39: 1399-1403
        • Sharma S.
        • Sahu S.K.
        • Dhillon V.
        • et al.
        Reevaluating intracameral cefuroxime as a prophylaxis against endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in India.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015; 41: 393-399
        • Xiao H.
        • Liu X.
        • Guo X.
        Macular edema with serous retinal detachment post-phacoemulsification followed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography: a report of two cases.
        BMC Res Notes. 2015; 8: 647
        • Al-Abduljabbar K.A.
        • Stone D.U.
        Risks of cefuroxime prophylaxis for postcataract endophthalmitis.
        Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2017; 24: 24-29
        • Qureshi F.
        • Clark D.
        Ocular toxicity after intracameral injection of very high doses of cefuroxime during cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011; 37: 1168-1169
      4. Thea Pharmaceuticals. Aprokam: summary of product characteristics. 22/09/2016. Available at: http://www.thea-pharmaceuticals.co.uk/assets/products/Aprokam-renewal-spc-doc-22Sep16.pdf. Accessed April 10, 2018.

        • Romero P.
        • Mendez I.
        • Salvat M.
        • et al.
        Intracameral cefazolin as prophylaxis against endophthalmitis in cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006; 32: 438-441
        • Garat M.
        • Moser C.L.
        • Martin-Baranera M.
        • et al.
        Prophylactic intracameral cefazolin after cataract surgery: endophthalmitis risk reduction and safety in a 6-year study.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009; 35: 637-642
        • Tan C.S.
        • Wong H.K.
        • Yang F.P.
        Epidemiology of postoperative endophthalmitis in an Asian population: 11-year incidence and effect of intracameral antibiotic agents.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012; 38: 425-430
        • Villada J.R.
        • Vicente U.
        • Javaloy J.
        • et al.
        Severe anaphylactic reaction after intracameral antibiotic administration during cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005; 31: 620-621
        • Moisseiev E.
        • Levinger E.
        Anaphylactic reaction following intracameral cefuroxime injection during cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013; 39: 1432-1434
        • LaHood B.R.
        • Andrew N.H.
        • Goggin M.
        Antibiotic prophylaxis in cataract surgery in the setting of penicillin allergy: a decision-making algorithm.
        Surv Ophthalmol. 2017; 62: 659-669
      5. DrugBank. Moxifloxacin. 2018. Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00218. Accessed April 17, 2018.

      6. Novartis. VIGAMOX highlights of prescribing information. Novartis, 2003-2011. Available at: https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/vigamox.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2018.

        • Matsuura K.
        • Miyoshi T.
        • Suto C.
        • et al.
        Efficacy and safety of prophylactic intracameral moxifloxacin injection in Japan.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013; 39: 1702-1706
        • Galvis V.
        • Tello A.
        • Sanchez M.A.
        • et al.
        Cohort study of intracameral moxifloxacin in postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis.
        Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2014; 6: 1-4
        • Vieira I.V.
        • Boianovsky C.
        • Saraiva T.J.
        • et al.
        Safety and efficacy of intracameral moxifloxacin injection for prophylaxis of endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification.
        Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2017; 80: 165-167
        • Haripriya A.
        • Chang D.F.
        • Ravindran R.D.
        Endophthalmitis reduction with intracameral moxifloxacin prophylaxis: analysis of 600 000 surgeries.
        Ophthalmology. 2017; 124: 768-775
        • Haripriya A.
        • Chang D.F.
        • Namburar S.
        • et al.
        Endophthalmitis prophylaxis at Aravind Eye Hospital.
        Ophthalmology. 2016; 123: 302-308
        • Arshinoff S.A.
        • Modabber M.
        Dose and administration of intracameral moxifloxacin for prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016; 42: 1730-1741
        • E Silva F.B.
        • Carrijo-Carvalho L.C.
        • Teixeira A.
        • et al.
        Toxicity of intracameral injection of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones on the corneal endothelium.
        Cornea. 2016; 35: 1631-1637
        • Cavalcanti Lira R.P.
        • Lucena N.P.
        • Ferreira K.S.A.
        • et al.
        Long-term safety of intracameral moxifloxacin after cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017; 43: 139-140
      7. NCIthesaurus. Vancomycin (Code C925). Version 18.03d, 03-26-2018. Available at: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C925. Accessed April 27, 2018.

        • Rush S.W.
        • Vu D.
        • Rush R.B.
        The safety and efficacy of routine administration of intracameral vancomycin during cataract surgery.
        J Ophthalmol. 2015; 2015: 813697
        • Anijeet D.R.
        • Palimar P.
        • Peckar C.O.
        Intracameral vancomycin following cataract surgery: an eleven-year study.
        Clin Ophthalmol. 2010; 4: 321-326
        • Au C.P.Y.
        • White A.J.R.
        • Healey P.R.
        Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of intracameral vancomycin in reducing postoperative endophthalmitis incidence in Australia.
        Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016; 44: 803-811
        • Axer-Siegel R.
        • Stiebel-Kalish H.
        • Rosenblatt I.
        • et al.
        Cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery with intraocular vancomycin.
        Ophthalmology. 1999; 106: 1660-1664
        • Ball J.L.
        • Barrett G.D.
        Prospective randomized controlled trial of the effect of intracameral vancomycin and gentamicin on macular retinal thickness and visual function following cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006; 32: 789-794
        • Yoeruek E.
        • Spitzer M.S.
        • Saygili O.
        • et al.
        Comparison of in vitro safety profiles of vancomycin and cefuroxime on human corneal endothelial cells for intracameral use.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008; 34: 2139-2145
        • Nicholson L.B.
        • Kim B.T.
        • Jardón J.
        • et al.
        Severe bilateral ischemic retinal vasculitis following cataract surgery.
        Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2014; 45: 338-342
        • Witkin A.J.
        • Shah A.R.
        • Engstrom R.E.
        • et al.
        Postoperative hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: expanding the clinical spectrum and possible association with vancomycin.
        Ophthalmology. 2015; 122: 1438-1451
        • Lenci L.T.
        • Chin E.K.
        • Carter C.
        • et al.
        Ischemic retinal vasculitis associated with cataract surgery and intracameral vancomycin.
        Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2015; 2015: 683194
        • Hsing Y.E.
        • Park J.
        Haemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis associated with intracameral vancomycin during cataract surgery.
        Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016; 44: 635-637
        • Miller M.A.
        • Lenci L.T.
        • Reddy C.V.
        • et al.
        Postoperative hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis associated with intracameral vancomycin prophylaxis during cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016; 42: 1676-1680
        • Todorich B.
        • Faia L.J.
        • Thanos A.
        • et al.
        Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: a clinical-pathophysiological analysis.
        Am J Ophthalmol. 2018; 188: 131-140
        • Witkin A.J.
        • Chang D.F.
        • Jumper J.M.
        • et al.
        • for the ASCRS and ASRS Joint HORV Task Force
        Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics of 36 eyes.
        Ophthalmology. 2017; 124: 583-595
        • Chang D.F.
        • Charles S.
        • Eliott D.
        • et al.
        Clinical alert: HORV association with intraocular vancomycin.
        ASCRS/ASRS HORV Task Force. EyeWorld. 2016; 21: 17
      8. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. A case of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) following intraocular injections of a compounded triamcinolone, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin formulation. 2017. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/PharmacyCompounding/ucm578514.htm. Accessed April 17, 2018.

        • Schwartz S.G.
        • Relhan N.
        • O’Brien T.P.
        • et al.
        A new complication associated with the use of prophylactic intracameral antibiotics: hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis.
        Ophthalmology. 2017; 124: 578-579
        • Fisher B.L.
        • Potvin R.
        Transzonular vitreous injection vs a single drop compounded topical pharmaceutical regimen after cataract surgery.
        Clin Ophthalmol. 2016; 10: 1297-1303
        • Tyson S.L.
        • Bailey R.
        • Roman J.S.
        • et al.
        Clinical outcomes after injection of a compounded pharmaceutical for prophylaxis after cataract surgery: a large-scale review.
        Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017; 28: 73-80
        • Stringham J.D.
        • Flynn Jr., H.W.
        • Schimel A.M.
        • et al.
        Dropless cataract surgery: what are the potential downsides?.
        Am J Ophthalmol. 2016; 164: 8-10
        • Kindle T.
        • Ferguson T.
        • Ibach M.
        • et al.
        Safety and efficacy of intravitreal injection of steroid and antibiotics in the setting of cataract surgery and trabecular microbypass stent.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018; 44: 56-62
        • Bowen R.C.
        • Zhou A.X.
        • Bondalapati S.
        • et al.
        Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of intracameral cefuroxime, moxifloxacin and vancomycin at the end of cataract surgery: a meta-analysis.
        Br J Ophthalmol. 2018; ([pii:bjophthalmol-2017-311051])
        • Libre P.E.
        • Mathews S.
        Endophthalmitis prophylaxis by intracameral antibiotics: in vitro model comparing vancomycin, cefuroxime, and moxifloxacin.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017; 43: 833-838
        • Havnaer A.G.
        • Greenberg P.B.
        • Cockerham G.C.
        • et al.
        Cataract surgery practices in the United States Veterans Health Administration.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017; 43: 543-551
        • Kelkar A.S.
        • Chang D.F.
        • Kelkar J.A.
        • et al.
        Antibiotic prophylaxis practice patterns for cataract surgery in India: results from an online survey.
        Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017; 65: 1470-1474
        • Schwartz S.G.
        • Grzybowski A.
        • Flynn Jr., H.W.
        Antibiotic prophylaxis: different practice patterns within and outside the United States.
        Clin Ophthalmol. 2016; 10: 251-256
        • Linertová R.
        • Abreu-González R.
        • García-Pérez L.
        • et al.
        Intracameral cefuroxime and moxifloxacin used as endophthalmitis prophylaxis after cataract surgery: systematic review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
        Clin Ophthalmol. 2014; 8: 1515-1522
        • Haripriya A.
        • Chang D.F.
        Intracameral antibiotics during cataract surgery: evidence and barriers.
        Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018; 29: 33-39
        • Haripriya A.
        • Baam Z.R.
        • Chang D.F.
        Endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery.
        Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2017; 6: 324-329
        • Schwartz S.G.
        • Flynn Jr., H.W.
        • Grzybowski A.
        • et al.
        Intracameral antibiotics and cataract surgery: endophthalmitis rates, costs, and stewardship.
        Ophthalmology. 2016; 123: 1411-1412
        • Naseri A.
        • Melles R.B.
        • Shorstein N.H.
        Intracameral antibiotics in the shadow of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis.
        Ophthalmology. 2017; 124: 580-582
        • Garg P.
        • Roy A.
        • Sharma S.
        Endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: epidemiology, risk factors, and evidence on protection.
        Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017; 28: 67-72
        • Gower E.W.
        • Lindsley K.
        • Tulenko S.E.
        • et al.
        Perioperative antibiotics for prevention of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; (CD006364)
        • Kessel L.
        • Flesner P.
        • Andresen J.
        • et al.
        Antibiotic prevention of postcataract endophthalmitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Acta Ophthalmol. 2015; 93: 303-317
        • Javitt J.C.
        Intracameral antibiotics reduce the risk of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: does the preponderance of evidence mandate a global practice?.
        Ophthalmology. 2016; 123: 226-231
        • Braga-Mele R.
        • Chang D.F.
        • Henderson B.A.
        • et al.
        • for the ASCRS Clinical Cataract Committee
        Intracameral antibiotics safety, efficacy, and preparation.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014; 40: 2134-2142
        • Nguyen E.T.
        • Shorstein N.H.
        Preparation of intracameral antibiotics for injection.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013; 39: 1778-1779
        • Zhou A.X.
        • Messenger W.B.
        • Sargent S.
        • et al.
        Safety of undiluted intracameral moxifloxacin without postoperative topical antibiotics in cataract surgery.
        Int Ophthalmol. 2016; 36: 493-498
        • Espiritu C.R.G.
        • Caparas V.L.
        • Bolinao J.G.
        Safety of prophylactic intracameral moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution in cataract surgery patients.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007; 33: 63-68
        • Arbisser L.B.
        Safety of intracameral moxifloxacin for prophylaxis of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008; 34: 1114-1120
        • Lane S.S.
        • Osher R.H.
        • Masket S.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of the safety of prophylactic intracameral moxifloxacin in cataract surgery.
        J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008; 34: 1451-1459